Gender Roles in the Play Trifles Essay - 3006 Words

Gender roles have caused strain over decades to not only females, but recently males as well. There are many attributes that humans have associated with each gender, causing a divide between sexes not only with each other, but also separating the two into almost completely different species. Due to this categorizing which is placed on gender, there can be a declining value of a person or even a higher hand given to the one gender which is seen as more powerful to society. The stereotypical labeling of genders can determine one person’s outlook on life. The judgment can make one feel like there is a set rubric to follow in order to remain in the lines regarding which gender they belong to. Such influences from peers or partners can alter†¦show more content†¦There has been a major shift in gender roles since the 50’s, but due to media and its power to mold peoples’ opinions, it was definitely a struggle to maintain equality because of the cataloging of se xual characteristics. Home life is a core area that can be the biggest influence on ones opinions of gender roles. The content of the article â€Å"Parental Influence on Children’s Socialization to Gender Roles† written by Susan Witt introduces where stereotypical gender association derives. Gender roles can easily be adopted through the household and when children are placed in an environment where it is easily transmitted through the parents’ then that child will follow their parents’ influences (Witt, par. 1). Schooling, media, and society are also large influences on children at a young age to behave a certain way. Self-concept is also a large chunk of the way children see themselves when they begin to grow and criticism from parents can be a large influence on shaping that child’s perspective (Witt, par. 3). As humans we nurture newborns and associate them with their gender immediately. Whether this be the colors concerning their gender before they are even born, their clothing as a baby, even the toys we supply them with as children, humans gravitate naturally to associate certain characteristics with gender. Unknowingly, parents find themselves setting theirShow MoreRelatedThe Deception of Trifles: Gender Roles in the Play by Glaspell1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 19th Century, women had different roles and treated differently compared to today’s women in American society. In the past, men expected women to carry out the duties of a homemaker, which consisted of cleaning and cooking. In earlier years, men did not allow women to have opinions or carry on a job outside of the household. As today’s societies, women leave the house to carry on jobs that allow them to speak their minds and carry on roles that men carried out in earlier years. In theRead MoreChanging The World : One Play At A Time1644 Words   |  7 PagesAmber Geroy Engwr 301 Professor Collins 22 April 2015 Changing the World: One Play at a Time Throughout history women have fought to be treated equivalent to men. In today’s society, although there are still improvements to be made, it is easy to see that the female population has made a significant step towards equality and independence. Looking back about one hundred years ago, gender roles were still very specific and consisted of the man working and supporting the family, and the woman takingRead MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead Mo reComparing The Way That Trifles And The Story Of An Hour924 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several similarities and differences in the way that Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† portray gender roles. Both of these stories portray two women very unhappy in their marriages and portray men as the dominant force. Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both deal with very specific gender roles throughout the stories that relate to the time period they were written in. Trifles deals with gender roles by using a woman that feels trapped in her marriage. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† also usesRead MoreTrifles : A Dramatic Examination Of Gender Role1031 Words   |  5 PagesTrifles: A Dramatic Examination of Gender Role Trifles is a dramatic one act play written by American female playwright Susan Glaspell. The play examines through the framework of a murder mystery how rigid gender role dynamics in the early 20th century not only shaped people s thinking, but blinded them from seeing what would otherwise be clear as day to someone else. During the time the play was written the women s liberation movement had yet to take place. Women were strongly stereotyped andRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell1016 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective: Readers Response Criticism to â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell The play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916 is based on the murder of John Wright where the prime suspect is his spouse; Minnie Foster. â€Å"Trifles† is fixated on the investigation of the social division realized by the strict gender roles that enable the two men and women to have contending points of view on practically every issue. This is found in the way the men view the kitchen as they consider it as not having anything of significantRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1358 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is written by the mid-1900s feminist author Susan Glaspell. The one act play depicts the conflict surrounding the murder of John Wright and his wife’s, Minnie Wright’s, involvement in his strangulation. While this drama appears to tell the simple tale of a murder investigation, Glaspell intertwines her feminist views into the plot. The male and female characters’ investigations of John Wright’s death reveal a deeper meaning. The st ark contrasts between the men and women in the story displayRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Glaspells Trifles: Patriarchal Dominance997 Words   |  4 PagesSusan Glaspell’s a stage play Trifles filmed by Jasmine Castillo is based on the theme that two genders are separated by the roles they performance in society and their powers of execution. The story is about the terrible murder of Mr. Wright by his wife, and the women who found the evidence in farmer’s house decided to be silent and hide it. The women unquestionably have a strong motive to be quiet about their discovery. The discriminatory separation between two genders proves that women union isRead MoreThe Real Relationship Between Men And Women1037 Words   |  5 PagesMen and Women In the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the men in the play are completely out of touch with the women. This may be perhaps the single greatest important theme of the play. The gender differences set the stage for the utmost vital event of the story, the murder. The men of the story are mainly oblivious to the steps the women undergo in the story. Understandably the women solve the murder before the men even get close. The men acted just as Mr. Wright in the play, they were dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissive attitude towards

The List Of Pros And Cons Of Human Cloning - 1624 Words

ource4 : The list of Pros and cons of human cloning Summary: The necessary technology has been created, as evident in the story of Dolly the sheep. People still pose questions such as the role of God in Society. Here is a list of pros of human cloning : It could eliminate defective genes , It is considered as the logical next step in the reproductive technology, It could aid in faster recoveries from injuries, it gives a new meaning to genetic modification. As all things human cloning also has cons. Here is a short list of those cons : it risks the possibility of faster aging, it can bring forth a reduced sense of individuality, it can cause a divide among people and it might decrease the overall value of human life.(Pao Chang, 2016)†¦show more content†¦Summary: surveys of people’s attitudes towards human reproductive focusing on only moral judgements alone, not on emotional reactions or sentiments. As people already have widespread negative emotions, like disgust, that provide a moral guide to their choses. To provi de some data on emotional reactions to human cloning. A brief mixed-method is used to study the measures of self-reported attitudes and emotions towards cloning. Most participants condemned cloning( as predicted) said that it is immoral and it should be banned. Some reported positive sentiment. Participants mostly felt interested and anxious about human reproductive cloning. They did not feel disgusted. This shows that are willing to give a shot. Validity The source is very valid source as the researcher has high credentials, the researcher has a PhD in human psychology and the he quotes people with high credentials such as a Nisbet MC. Who has credentials in stem cell research and Dr Sheperd R how did a psychological study on the different sets of people. The conclusions that the researcher made are logically derived from the evidence from the questionnaires. Thus the source completes what it was set out to do, which is to show the misconceptions of people. Reliability The source is somewhat reliable. He uses viable methods of examination which can be somewhat reproduced as he only assesses people in America with close reference to another ethical and socialShow MoreRelatedAmazed by Cloning1544 Words   |  6 PagesCloning is an amazing complex thing! In this paper a person will learn some basic cloning information, the history of cloning, good and bad things about cloning, human cloning, and bringing back endangered species with the use of cloning. Information includes the processes and some animals that have been cloned. The history includes the different cloning achievements starting with the first artificial twin. The good and bad parts will of course talk about the pros and cons of cloning. HumanRead MoreGenetic Engineering Pros And Cons1648 Words   |  7 PagesGENETIC ENGINEERING: PROS: Pros of genetic engineering are the facts that scientists and doctors in our generation could first and foremost discover new diseases and parasites and types of unheard cancers and illnesses before they spread further than they need too. The doctors can therefore invent a cure for this illness before it spreads really far and before anyone else gets sick. With the genetic engineering they can then stop the spreading and cure the diseases before it gets out of hand. ThisRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1313 Words   |  6 PagesIII Honors 18 April 2016 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, or HES cell research, is a very controversial ethical debate. This issues is a dilemma for scientist, religious activist, and many more. HES cell research is being disputed because the practice is morally wrong. The other side of the issue stands with many scientist, being that they see the potential lives it could save in the long run. Religious activist, and many other pro-life leaders stand by theRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pagesalternates to donation. The waiting list for transplant surgery far exceeds the current supply. Black Market organ trade in this, as well in foreign countries is alive and well. Donation is not able to keep up with demand. We have to take measures to ensure those in the most need are taken care of. We already allow people to sell eggs, sperm and blood why not other organs? I will attempt to show you that compensation for organs could reduce the time on the donor waiting list, lower crime rate b y eliminatingRead MoreThe Effects Of Cloning On Human Life1808 Words   |  8 PagesWeston Erbert Mrs. McEwen English 12 11 February 2016 The Effects of Cloning Cloning. The very word instills feelings of excitement, hope, possibilities and a montage of futuristic images of test tubes and beakers and DNA ladders spinning through space. But the word also conjures anxiety, fear and internal struggle over right and wrong, good vs. evil, science vs. religion. The cloning of vital organs or cells to cure diseases could potentially save the lives of millions of people around the worldRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdiverse cultural backgrounds? Throughout my research, I found many articles that I felt explained my topics in both a positive and negative way that thoroughly shows the pros and cons of genetic engineering; for example, Is there a way to increase crop yield by increasing photon absorption in plants? I firmly believe that humans have caused many troubles to nature, to earth and through genetic engineering we could possibly redeem ourselves. Perhaps we could even modify our own bodies to remodelRead MoreThe Cloning Of Human Cloning1774 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction- Cloning is defined as two organisms having identical genetic DNA and has been around since the early 1800s. When people think of the word ‘cloning’ many think of Dolly the sheep; however, the first organism to ever be cloned was a sea urchin in 1885. When scientists created Dolly, they took a cell from the mammary gland from an adult Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell from a Scottish blackhead sheep. Dolly’s white face was the first sign that she was genetically modified because if sheRead MorePol 201 Week 5 Bd Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagestwo-party system have on each partys ability to use its policy proposals to generate voter support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this discussion I have chosen stem cell research as my issue area. Stem cell research is a controversial research that uses cells from human embryos to potentially cure diseases. Stem cells can be found in almost every multi cellular living organism on the planet. It plays a crucial and irreplaceable part in our growth from embryonic development to adulthood. Stem cells are classified asRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning2049 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Cloning Nowadays, in the twenty-first century, advances in medical sciences are being more and more common. As people become sicker, scientist try to find the way to solve that prob-lem. There are many series of medicaments, surgeries, and machines that have been develop to satisfy the necessities of modern society. However, all these techniques and options are not enough to cure many diseases or other types of problems such as amputations, transplants, and so on. As a result, scientists tryRead More Cloning Essay2323 Words   |  10 Pages Cloning For many years, the cloning of adults, animals or humans has been mostly the object of science fiction, something unforeseen by man. However, â€Å"The world was shocked in February of 1997 when British scientist, named Ian Wilmot announced that his research team successfully cloned lamb named dolly from an adult sheep at the Roselyn Institute in Scotland†.(1) For what seemed like a dream for many years quickly turned into reality. The newest and possibly the most controversial phenomena in

The Lady Of Shallot Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Lady Of Shallot Essay, Research Paper In Alfred, Lord Tennyson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; , Tennyson describes the listless narrative of a recluse adult female, the Lady of Shallot, edge by a expletive to weave a ceaseless web. The expletive includes the Lady of Shallot being forbidden to peek at the town of Camelot. Tennyson portrays the # 8220 ; magic web # 8221 ; that she weaves and relates them to images of seasons. The verse form contains images of spring, summer, fall and winter. Most of the images occur in the 2nd portion of the verse form. Spring relates to images such as, # 8220 ; two immature lovers # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; plumes and visible radiations # 8221 ; . Summer relates to images such as, Sir Lancelot. Autumn relates to images such as, harvesters. Winter relates to the images of decease. In Tennyson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; the seasons relates to many different images in the verse form. Tennyson relates spring to images in the 2nd portion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady Of Shallot Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tennyson makes a relationship between # 8220 ; two immature lovers recently wed # 8221 ; and spring. The # 8220 ; immature lovers # 8221 ; typify get downing since they merely got married. Spring is the when everything begins to turn or give birth, and the immature lovers are get downing their new life together. Tennyson uses plentifulness of bright images that relate to spring. Since spring is cheery and green, it is considered bright. Tennyson uses images such as, ruddy, ruby, and plumes. A plume is a bright plume that is used as an decoration. Tennyson uses a bright image to depict something that is normally grave or glooming. Tennyson uses many immature people images. A page is a immature courier, and a demoiselle is a immature maiden. They both symbolize birth and get downing. They have non married yet. Sir Lancelot is besides an image of spring, for he is one of the chief grounds for her interrupting her expletive. He causes the Lady of Shallot to get down a new beginning. It is the birth of her new life without the expletive. Tennyson relates summer to images in this verse form. He relates Sir Lancelot to summer. Sir Lancelot can be cons idered as related to summer, for he is described with such bright and descriptive frock. When Sir Lancelot rode up the Sun began to reflect through. He must be virtuous and good. A â€Å"yellow† field is mentioned. A field that is xanthous is turning, but it is likely non ready to reap yet. It is non new though. It is in the center of its ripeness. His shield â€Å"sparkled† that means the Sun is reflecting for it to do some kind of contemplation. The Sun is associated with summer. He besides rode in â€Å"blue unclouded weather† . That conditions would likely associate to summer, for it is clean and spring normally has showers. Autumn is non associated with a bluish sky. Autumn relates to images in the first portion of # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; . The chief image is the harvesters. They are people who work in Fieldss and reap the harvests in fall. The harvesters are the lone people who hear the Lady Shallot. The Lady of Shallot relates to the harvesters, for she is every bit close to decease, or winter, as possible. However, she is non dead, for the harvesters still hear her. Winter relates to images in # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; . Winter chiefly relates to the images of decease in the verse form. The image of the # 8220 ; funeral # 8221 ; that she weaves is described with visible radiations, music, and plumes. That is uneven though, because funerals aren # 8217 ; Ts supposed to bright and cheerful. This might be an image that the Lady of Shallot depicts decease as a joyous juncture. She may see it as a great experience. She will be free of her expletive. In Tennyson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; , there are relationships between the images that she weaves and the seasons. Spring and immature people relate to each other. Summer relates to Sir Lancelot. Autumn relates to the image of the harvesters. Death relates to the season of winter. The Lady of Shallot uses the seasons to picture what she wants in her # 8220 ; magic web # 8221 ; . In Tennyson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lady of Shallot # 8221 ; he relates the subjects, seasons, and images woven by the Lady of Shallot to each other.

Success Factors and Leadership Strategies Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines

Introduction Air travelling is one of the most popular and constantly growing industries in the whole world. People want to use airlines to get to destination points in a short period; people want to work in the sphere of aircraft and try to improve the conditions under which the airline industry can be improved.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Success Factors and Leadership Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of the chosen industry depends on the success of each airline company and their abilities to introduce appropriate authorities, airports, and services for passengers (Cento 2009). This paper aims at discussing the peculiarities of two airline companies and comparing their success factors, leadership strategies, and cultural consideration. Southwest Airlines (SWA) and Emirates Airlines are two competitive organisations from different continen ts that have many things in common and introduce a variety of managerial approaches to succeed in the airline industry. Their cultural differences, priorities, services, and leadership styles identify the chosen companies as the powerful figures in the airline industry and the examples of how services have to be offered to passengers and how a successful company has to be organised inside. The comparison of Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines is a chance to comprehend how cultural and regional diversities may define the quality of services, improve the airline industry, and provide people with appropriate working conditions and consumer services; the analysis of the companies’ leadership strategies and organisational behaviour shows that different approaches and attitudes to the idea of airline services can create two powerful organisations that can work and get improved constantly. Literature Review During a long period, the airline industry has faced certain challenges , the necessity to follow the standards and meet the requirements (Truxal 2013). The existing competitions make airline companies think about different methods to achieve goals and profits (Lumpe 2012) such as the minimisation of aircraft turnaround times or cheaper fares (Tierney Kuby 2008). The choice of the method depends a lot on the native country of a company and its working region. Such dependence influences the style of leadership, the working conditions, and even the identification of ethical considerations that have to be followed by the staff. The current technological progress and a variety of passengers’ needs and expectations promote the corrections and innovations in the airline industry as well. Organisations have to be ready to analyse their success factors and weaknesses and explain what steps they have already taken and are going to take to succeed in organising and developing.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The overview of the airline industry shows that this kind of industry has undergone many changes during the last 70 years including the development of jet airplanes or jumbo jets (Blockley 2014). The development touches upon the structural, economic, organisational, and even political aspects. People in all countries are in need of safe and constant transportation options. Besides, the airline industry should not be regarded as the sphere of services only. All services have to be created and developed by people; therefore, the chosen industry is the source of earning and a possibility to provide people with working places. In addition to the properly developed consumers’ services, people have to introduce a credible plan of work with a successful organisational context. The airline industry has already survived several economic and industrial crises. The results are impressive because aircraft services are st ill in demand and continue developing. Global air travels have been increased by 8.2% in the middle of 2015 (IATA 2015). The sphere of international air travelling in the Middle East has been also improved considerably. All these results prove that people continue working and using their best ideas to earn, provide each other with quality services, and use the latest technological achievements. Leadership is one of the crucial aspects of the organisational context (Young Price 2013). It is not only about the orders and rules that people should identify in time. Young and Price (2013) introduce leadership as a capability of people, who take leading positions, to listen, observe, analyse, use experience, and consider the current possibility to promote appropriate decision-making activities, articulate the values, and communicate with people on the necessary level. To be a good leader does not mean to have a magical combination of skills and traits and use them properly. To be a good leader means to understand a situation, define the circumstances, choose a way of work, and develop the required portion of skills gradually. Good leaders demonstrate the best skills in decision-making processes and goal-establishing activities. All these steps are usually described theoretically. In the sphere of aircraft, as well as in any other sphere, leadership theories play a very important role. There are many theories of leadership that can be offered. All of them can be divided into several meaningful groups: trait theories, situational theories, participative theories, influence theories, behavioural theories, contingency theories, transformational theories, etc. Each theory is a unique combination of explanations, approaches, and outcomes that can be used by people, who want or need to become good leaders and define leadership as a form of art that can be learnt over time (Waite 2008).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Success Factors and Leaders hip Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are the two organisations that demonstrate how different theories can be applied and used regarding the current technological, economic, and organisational aspects. Southwest Airlines demonstrates the ways of how it is possible to combine transformational, contingency, and behavioural theories. Emirates Airlines’ leaders are good at satisfying needs of consumers and employees and offering the best services even in the most unexpected situations. A variety of approaches used by the companies in the same sphere may be explained by an-almost-20-year-old-difference, some cultural and ethnic perspectives, or the expectations set by people. On the one hand, the companies aim at satisfying customers’ needs and try to use their best opportunities to impress a passenger. On the other hand, their inten tions are characterised by different methods and approaches: Emirates Airlines focuses on the quality and luxury of their services, and Southwest Airlines focuses on the appropriateness and accessibility of its services to ordinary people. Both companies follow the same standards defined in the airline industry. At the same time, they are so different that sometimes it seems unreasonable to compare them. The UAE and Qatar airlines are defined as the best representatives of the chosen industry (Rapoza 2014). Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are good at training people, improving the already given sources and materials, and demonstrating high-quality results. Each of these characteristics can be introduced and analysed independently. However, it is wrong to neglect the connection between these issues. For example, training is one of the possible intervention strategies that can be used to improve the quality of aircraft services and reduce the number of errors (Sadasivan Gram opadhye 2009). The outcomes of the work depend on how successfully a training procedure has taken place and if the staff could use the available sources and materials. Leadership Theories Southwest and Emirates are the participants of the same competition, still, they introduce different approaches. Their leaders have various theoretical backgrounds. To analyse the success of both, it is necessary to enumerate several theories and styles that can be used. There are many studies dedicated to leadership theories and their roles in organisational behaviour. Some leaders may not know that they follow a particular theory or style but become the best example of a theory. As a rule, the leaders of big organisations can follow great-man theory, trait theory, Maslow’s theory of needs, or some behavioural or contingency theories.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Great Man Theory The great-man theory is regarded as one of the first attempts to understand the peculiarities of leadership at the end of the 19th century (Waite 2008). According to this theory, a person should be born to become a leader. It was necessary to have certain individual skills and use particular social and historical circumstances to become a good leader. In other words, the great-man theory teaches people about the impossibility to make a leader. A leader should be born. The supporters of such theory use the examples of good leaders and prove that they are not only the results of their times and conditions. They were the heroes due to the intrinsic features. Such theory can be hardly used to explain or analyse the airline companies under consideration. Trait Theory A new attempt to comprehend the essence of leadership was made at the beginning of the 20th century. The developers of this theory admit that people can be either born with the required qualities of a good l eader or made in regards to the chosen position. According to this theory, a leader should be intelligent, responsible, and creative to be able and guide people (Waite 2008). For example, some traits may be inherited only: adaptability to different situations, ambitiousness, self-confidence, and decisiveness. Some skills can be gained with time: creativity, smartness, persuasiveness, or communication. It is possible to believe that a part of this theory can be used to understand what helps the leaders of Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines to achieve success. Maslow’s Theory of Needs Any leader should be ready to motivate people and understand how to use others’ skills to succeed in a mutual business. Sometimes, leaders can rely on the ideas offered by Abraham Maslow about the style of leadership based on needs and motivation. This theory helps to comprehend how it is possible to lead people, meet their needs, and expect a good portion of work to be performed. As soon as a leader takes care of certain physiological needs (the necessity to eat, drink, sleep, and breathe), safety needs (job security or medical insurance), social needs (friendship or group belonging), esteem needs (recognition and self-respect), and self-actualisation needs (wisdom or justice), he/she can easily understand and identify employees, customers, and even sources to rely on in a working process (Maslow 2013). The ability to motivate people is crucial for any leader. Very often, not all leaders are eager to spend their time and efforts to identify all these needs. They just set the goals, choose the staff, and make sure the goals are met by the employees. It is a wrong mistake. Maslow believes that such attitude to leadership can hardly lead to some positive outcomes. Leaders have to think about their workers. Still, they should not be too kind or too sympathetic. It is more important to stay confident and intelligent, demanding and equitable, goal-oriented and suppor tive. Not all people comprehend how to develop all these skills and traits at the same time. That is why the theory offered by Maslow is the opportunity to understand people and become a good leader. It can happen that Southwest Airlines rely on this theory more than the representatives of Emirates Airlines. Behavioural Theories Behavioural theories focus on the idea that it is possible to turn any person into a good leader. One of the examples of how leaders can be made is given in the role theory. This theory helps to realise that all people should perform their roles and understand what expectations are connected with their roles. Leaders should encourage other people to behave in regards to the roles set. That is why leaders require the division of their organisations into departments, the departments into sections with each section having its manager. As soon as all responsibilities are identified, it seems to be easier to work, know what to do, and realise why something should be done. Southwest Airlines can be a god example of how this theory can work in practice. Contingency Theories Leadership styles can depend on the environment according to which leaders have to cooperate with employees. This type of theories explains that sometimes it is impossible to choose one best option for all situations, and it is preferable to work in regards to the demands of people around (customers or workers). For example, the path-goal theory developed by Robert House in 1996 suggests considering the idea that all leadership theories may be incorrect by their nature (Lunenberg Ornstein 2008). Leaders have to pay more attention to their abilities on how to coordinate people and achieve the goals set. The core of this theory is the behaviour demonstrated by a leader. If leaders prefer to use this theory, they have to be ready to participate directly in all discussions, make decisions, and analyse the outcomes that should be achieved and have been achieved. As a rule, it is not a difficult task if leaders like their job and are interested in the successful accomplishment of their work. It is hard to comprehend if the leaders of the chosen companies support this kind of theory. Still, it is possible to use this approach as a recommendation for both airline companies. Organisational Practice Analysis Southwest Airlines is a well-known American aircraft company that aims at providing people with the possibilities to get to the required destinations at the most affordable fares on time (About Southwest 2015). Emirates Airlines is a famous Arab organisation that has proved that the quality of airline services can be improved and available to people (About Emirates 2015). The leadership theories and approaches vary in these two organisations, and their analysis should help to comprehend what can be offered to the companies. Southwest Airlines Overview Southwest Airlines is a 45-year-old company with a brand name known to the majority of countries in the N orth America and South America as the company with the largest fleet of Boeing aircraft in the whole world (Southwest corporate fact sheet 2015). About 48,000 employees work at Southwest Airlines and demonstrate their complete devotion to everything they are involved in the company. The satisfaction of the employees and their customers serve as evidence to the properly chosen leadership activities and cooperation between people. The success of Southwest can be explained by a variety of things, and one of them is the presence of spirituality in the workplace and the promotion of spiritual and ethical values (Milliman et al. 1999). The policy of the company is a successful example of how people should be organised and controlled when it is necessary to implement some new ideas, and how to explain to the employees what should be done in a certain period. Maybe, the achievements of the company may be connected with a particular person, its leader, Gary Kelly, as well as the company†™s co-founders, Herb Kelleher and Rollin King, who ideas and approaches amazed many people. Besides, it is possible to unite the work of the company with the leadership techniques chosen. Finally, a properly chosen team, clearly defined goals, and a good leader can be interrelated and become the reason for why Southwest Airlines’ services are still in demand. The company identifies several principles according to which the staff should work. These are the warrior spirit (the abilities to work hard, be persevere and courageous, and innovate), the servant’s heart (the necessity to consider the global principles and put the demands of other people first), a fun attitude (a chance to enjoy the work, have fun, and celebrate success), and the customers’ needs (safe and reliable services, low cost, and friendly attitude). Despite the fact that these principles are developed and supported by a team of professionals, the role of a leader has to be underlined. First, th e leader takes responsibility for every single decision made in the company. Second, the leader has to evaluate and try to predict the outcomes of the work done. Finally, the leader should understand what is beneficial and harmful to the company. Southwest Airlines’ history shows that the company has four evident leaders, whose ideas and approaches captivates by their uniqueness and effectiveness. Each leader demonstrates his vision of the company and the work that has to be organised: Kelleher and King: powerful communication skills, abilities to negotiate, amazing motivational power, extraversion in work; Parker: with extremely poor communication skills, the negotiation skills are developed properly, the reserved nature of leadership; Kelly: the reserved nature of leadership with good skills in negotiation and communication, the desire to use innovation and involve employees in as many working processes as possible. All these qualities and characteristics introduce Southw est Airlines as a powerful organisation with a huge potential to stay competitive for many years. Information about Emirates Airlines Emirates Airlines is a 30-year-old organisation. It introduces the airline industry in the UAE as a kind of treasure that can be available to many people from different parts of the world. There are many people involved in the leadership of the company. Still, its main figures are Tim Clark (the current CEO and President of the company) and Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum. The beginning years of the company’s existence were not as fascinating as they expected to be. Much work had to be done. The results were impressive: with a startup of $10 million, the company became one of the leading airline companies in the whole world (History 2015). Its leaders do not focus prices or standards. They think about what can be convenient and interesting to their passengers. The chosen Arab company does not try to win competitions setting too high prices. However, Emirates Airlines wants to stay competitive using its leaders and the styles implemented. It is not enough for the company to have a strong team. It is more important to have a stable and definite leader, who can implement the best strategies and provide people with the required portion of understanding and instructions. Saeed Al Maktoum created a well-known brand of luxury, quality, and comfort from an ordinary regional company. Many people want to use the services of this organisation only. Many people cannot understand why so much money should be spent on travelling by plane that can be substituted by cheaper options like bus, car, or train travels. However, when people, who know about the services and options available to the consumers of Emirates Airlines, hear about this company, they know that it is possible to expect something unbelievable. Not long time ago, the company introduced its customers a new service, a shower in a cabin. Now, long travels become more comfortable a nd interesting for people with Emirates Airlines. The company does not want to stop and try to invent more captivating ideas. The leaders admit that they are good at competing, liberalisation and numerous financial interventions in the sphere of aviation because all of them are always in the interests of consumers (About Emirates 2015). The models and achievements of Emirates Airlines serve as one of the best examples of how leaders should behave. It is not enough to listen or make orders. A good leader has to understand what is necessary for the potential consumers of the company, if it is possible to meet the expectations, and if the services are of a high quality. The styles of leadership of Emirates Airlines captivate with their uniqueness and simplicity at the same time. On the one hand, the leader neither participates in the discussions directly nor offers new ideas. On the other hand, the leader should be aware of all decisions, intentions, and thoughts that can influence the development of the company. Such ability to control a huge organisation is great indeed, and the Emirates Airlines’ leader possesses the necessary number of qualities to be a good one. Comparison of Success Factors The evaluation of both companies helps to comprehend one thing: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are good in the chosen sphere of work. Their leaders know what to expect from the team, how to set goals, and what can be offered to the employees in return. However, the services of the Emirates turn out to be an opposition to everything that is offered by Southwest Airlines. The benefits of low prices should be compared with the reasons for why the prices are so high. Such factors as the geographical location, cultural preferences, and the access to the technological progress may create different working conditions. However, the evaluation of the two companies under consideration, it is possible to admit that even the global differences cannot explain the suc cess of companies. That is why more attention should be paid to the quality of work performed by the leaders of the companies. Southwest Airlines had different leaders. For example, the success factors of leadership demonstrated by Kelleher were based on the combination of the behavioural model and the contingency model. This leader showed how to introduce a successful group performance using casual variables, group atmosphere, the structure of the task, and personal involvement in work. In his turn, Parker was not that open. He did not support the interactions with the team and observed the changes outside the group of workers. Such differences in work of the company’s leaders prove that Southwest Airlines has a powerful team that is ready to accept any working conditions. The only requirement that does matter is the presence of a good leader. As soon as the team is motivated, the success of their activities can be expected. In comparison to Southwest Airlines, Emirates Airl ines prefers another leadership style. Its leader focuses on motivation and goals that should be set and achieved in a short period. All team members are motivated to follow the main mission of the company. The leader provides clear explanations and defines the roles accordingly. He demonstrates how it is possible to rely on the Maslow’s theory of motivation and makes sure that customers, as well as workers, are satisfied. Customer services offered by Southwest and Emirates differ as well. Though the customers of both companies are satisfied, the level and quality of satisfaction depend on the standards set by the organisation. For example, Southwest Airlines provides its passengers with such guarantees as safe transportation, low prices, discounts, and comfortable travel. The company informs passengers about what to expect, and the passengers know what they choose according to their personal incomes. Emirates Airlines does not support discounts, sales, or other similar ideas . Their main goal is to provide customers with high-quality services. The team do not hide the prices. Everything is clear. That is why the quality of customer services of both companies corresponds to the standards set. The financial situation of the companies can serve as one more proof that both companies are good at defining their leaders and considering the demands that matter. The tables offered in Appendix Section demonstrate the changes in incomes and, profits, and assets in 2013 and 2014. These findings are taken from the official reports of the organisations: the Emirates Group Annual Report (2015) and Southwest Airlines Co. Annual Report to Shareholders (2014). Revenues have been considerably improved during the last two years. The companies have achieved success and continue gaining profits. Leadership styles of the companies can be also predetermined by some cultural considerations. Southwest Airlines is an American company with each member being a devoted American. Tho ugh American aviation is not characterised by a number of ethical preferences, the corporate culture of this company is impressive indeed. One of the most crucial points is the attention to the people, who work in the company (Southwest culture 2015). The representative of the company (Dave Ridley) admits that Southwest defines its employees as the internal customers (Peel n.d.). The well-being of each employee is valued a lot. It seems that employees are more important for the company than the actual customers. Southwest aims at creating the best working environment so that people can enjoy each day of their work and get support from each other. The positive leader’s attitude is the basis of Southwest’s work. The leaders believe that if an employee is satisfied with the conditions under which he/she should work, a customer will also be satisfied. The company believes that profitability and culture should go together, and people can feel the treatment and care of the c ompany (Peel n.d.). Finally, the satisfaction of employees and the attention to their demands lead to a low level of turnover in the company. It means that not many expenses are necessary for training or searching new people. The staff is properly trained and experienced. It is one of the achievements of the company’s leader. It is not an easy task to make people stay and work hard all the time. The situation in Emirates Airlines is a little bit different. The leaders do not find it necessary to pay much attention to its employees. It is more important to focus on the customers and create high-quality services for them. As soon as customers have excellent travelling conditions, the team can enjoy the results of their work with customers. One more peculiar feature of this company is cultural diversity: more than 100 nationalities work at Emirates. This fact can be used to introduce Emirates as a global organisation and use various cultures, religions, and ethnicities as the so urces for innovations, leadership styles, and business ideas (Button 2008). In other words, Southwest exists for its employees, and Emirates exists due to its employees. The leadership styles of both companies may be defined as similar. However, the ways the companies work, the goals they set, and the methods they rely on are different. Cultural consideration, religion backgrounds, and personal attitudes of leaders to their companies are the main factors that should be considered in the analysis of Emirates and Southwest. Recommendations Both, Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines, demonstrate successful leadership styles and outcomes of their work. The aviation industry in complicated indeed: though the lives of all people depend on the aircraft and technologies used, the centre of both companies remains to be people. The main recommendations that can be given to Southwest’s leaders are as follows: Cultural programs can be better developed to improve the quality of servi ces offered to people from different parts of the world; Managers and employees have to develop more communication to discuss the ideas and provide innovations together; Additional activities may be developed approaching the example of the Emirates: Southwest may participate in some donation programs to introduce itself as a caregiving organisation; Motivation has to be properly developed: despite the fact that the employees are provided with the best working conditions, the company should motivate its workers day by day; Competitions may be encouraged as a kind of motivation for employees: as soon as the workers are divided into teams, they have to complete the tasks and demonstrate their best qualities. Conclusion Southwest has already achieved a lot in its native country and abroad. People, who work there, can feel care and quality of their leaders’ treatment. As a rule, employees are satisfied with everything they can get from the company. The comparison of Southwest and Emirates helps to comprehend that both companies have their strong and weak points. It is not always possible to understand what makes companies successful. However, it is always possible to realise that something can be done to improve the situation. Emirates Airlines shows how it is possible to satisfy their customers’ needs and meet expectations. Southwest Airlines focus on their employees. Both companies are powerful figures in the airline industry that prove that it is impossible to focus on both customers and employees properly. That is why each company has to make the main choice and define the priorities at the beginning of the work. Reference List About Emirates 2015, http://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about/press-room.aspx About Southwest 2015, https://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/index.html?clk=GFOOTER-ABOUT-ABOUT Blockley, D 2014, Structural engineering: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Button, K 2008, The impacts of globaliza tion on international air transport activity, http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/41373470.pdf Cento, A 2008, The airline industry: challenges in the 21st century, Springer Science Business Media, New York. ‘History’, 2015, Emirates, http://www.emirates.com/english/about/history.aspx IATA 2015, Air passenger market analysis, https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/passenger-analysis-jul-2015.pdf Lumpe, MF 2012, Leadership and organization in the aviation industry, Ashgate Publishing, Burlington. Lunenberg, FC Ornstein, AC 2008, Educational administration: concepts and practices, Cengage Learning, Belmont. Maslow, AH 2013, A theory of human motivation, Start Publishing, New York. Milliman, J, Ferguson, J, Trickett, D, Condemi, B 1999, ‘Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: an investigation of a spiritual values-based model’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 221-233. Peel, B n.d. ‘Southwe st Airlines’ legendary corporate culture: an interview with Dave Ridley’, Le Tourneau University, http://www.centerforfaithandwork.com/article/southwest-airlines-legendary-corporate-culture-interview-dave-ridley Rapoza, K 2014, ‘Why UAE and Qatar have the world’s best airlines’, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/04/01/why-uae-and-qatar-have-the-worlds-best-airlines/ Sadasivan, S Gramopadhye, AK 2009, ‘Technology to support inspection training in the general aviation industry: specification and design’, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 608-620. Southwest airlines co. 2014 annual report to shareholders 2014, southwest.investorroom.com/download/2014+Annual+Report.pdf Southwest corporate fact sheet 2015, http://www.swamedia.com/channels/Corporate-Fact-Sheet/pages/corporate-fact-sheet Southwest culture 2015, https://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/careers/culture.html The Emirates g roup annual report 2014-2015 2015, www.theemiratesgroup.com/english/facts-figures/annual-report.aspx Tierney, S Kuby, M 2008, ‘Airline and airport choice by passengers in multi-airport regions: the effects of southwest airlines’, The Professional Geographer, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 15-32. Truxal, S 2013, Competition and regulation in the airline industry: puppets in chaos, Routledge, New York. Waite, MR 2008, Fiver service leadership: theories and practices, Jones Bartlett Learning, London. Young, SB Price, M 2013, Airport leadership development program, Transportation Research Board, Washington. Appendixes Southwest Airlines Emirates Airlines This coursework on Success Factors and Leadership Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Rising Value of a College Degree

The Rising Value of a College Degree The cost of getting a college education has risen sharply over the last several years, and a number of students (and their families) may be wondering whether the cost of attending a post-secondary institution is really worth it. Reading news stories or hearing anecdotal tales about recent grads being unable to find work only adds fuel to the fire. When you take a closer look at the facts, a college degree is still a very good investment for students, and it pays off over a persons working life several times over. Instead of questioning the value of higher education, now is the time to ask whether young people can afford to skip this step when planning their future. Average Cost of Tuition When you look at the average cost of tuition at a four-year college, the numbers are nothing less than astounding. For families that have more than one child attending college, they may seem overwhelming. According to the College Board, the average cost of tuition for a four-year program at a private college is $29,056 per year. In-state students will pay $8,655 to attend a public four-year college. When you add in other expenses, such as room and board, books, transportation, and other expenses, the full cost of getting a degree from one of the more expensive schools could be more than $200,000. This is a lot of money. The cost of not going to school is much higher. How Much More College Graduates Earn Over Their Lifetime A survey conducted by Pew Research found that Millennials with a college degree who were working full time earned approximately $17,500 more per year than those who had only a high school diploma. ($45,500 as opposed to $28,000). This 38 percent difference in earning power was double what it was in 1965, when the difference between high school and college graduates was only $7,449 (figure adjusted for inflation). The days when someone could graduate from high school and find a good-paying job for life are largely gone. Salaries do increase over time, but adults who hold a bachelors degree will have a larger earning capacity over the course of their career, compared to those who have completed high school only. A study from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce called The College Payoff found that adults who hold an undergraduate degree reaped the benefits of a significantly larger boost to their earnings over time. For one thing, college graduates between the ages of 40 and 44 earn, on average, 50 percent more than when they entered the workforce. Workers who have only a high school diploma earn, on average only 25 percent more after 20 years or more in the workforce. A college graduate will likely earn $2.3 million during his or her lifetime, as opposed to $1.3 million for a high school graduate. Going to school for four more years to complete a bachelors degree translates to 74 percent more over a working life than stopping at the high school diploma stage. Other Benefits of Investing in a College Degree Higher earning power is not the only benefit of earning a college degree. College-degree holders are less likely to be out of work than less educated adults. The unemployment rate for college graduates over the age of 25 was 3.4 percent, as opposed to 6.3 percent for those who have only a high school diploma, according to Federal Reserve Economic Data. When you examine figures for new graduates, the figures are even more pronounced. The Pew Research Center found that only 3.8 percent of Millennials who hold college degrees are unemployed, compared to 12.2 percent who only graduated from high school. Having a college degree does give adults a certain level of protection from being jobless, even when the economy is slow. This survey also found that more than 50 percent of the jobs created during the economic recovery have been filled by college-educated workers. This is significant since they represent just over one-third of the labor force. Workers with a high school education (or less) paid dearly during the recession, losing more than 5.6 million jobs. They have continued to lose jobs during the economic recovery. Gains for Educated Worker Will Continue to Grow College educated workers will continue to have the advantage going forward. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) tracks the occupations which are projected to grow the fastest between now and the year 2020. 19 of the top 30 jobs require some type of postsecondary education. Its no surprise that they also pay higher median wages. Some fields of study make better choices than others if you are making a decision about what to focus on in college. Science, engineering, and math students tend to have an easier time finding jobs and are offered higher starting salaries than grads from arts and humanities. Completing the requirements for a four-year degree teaches students valuable skills that employers are looking for in all types of jobs, including good oral and written communication skills, the ability to work well with others, and critical thinking ability. For these reasons, as well as the ones listed above, the vast majority of college graduates (91 percent) and 88 percent of Millennials say that the experience of going to college was worthwhile. Want to discuss? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

Calidad vs. Cualidad, Spanish Words Meaning Quality

Calidad vs. Cualidad, Spanish Words Meaning Quality Both calidad and cualidad are usually translated to English as quality  - but the two words arent used in the same way and arent interchangeable. A look at these two words show how the meanings of words can change over time  and how corresponding words, known as  cognates, in two languages can take different paths. Calidad, cualidad and quality all come from the Latin qualitas, used to refer to categories or kinds of things. (You can still see echoes of this meaning in the word cual.) Cualidad comes close to retaining that meaning and is used to refer to the inherent characteristics of something. In fact, it can almost always be translated as characteristic as well as quality. Here are some examples: El pelo corto tiene la cualidad de mantenerse en mejores condiciones por ms tiempo. Short hair has the quality of remaining in better condition for a longer time.Mi mejor cualidad como actor es la autenticidad. My best quality as an actor is authenticity.Antonio posee muchas cualidades deseables. Antonio has many desirable qualities.El magnetismo es una cualidad de algunos metales. Magnetism is a quality of some metals. Calidad, on the other hand, suggests excellence or superiority: Siempre queremos la mejor calidad para nuestros clientes. We always want the best quality for our customers.Tenemos que consumir nutrientes en cantidad suficiente y de buena calidad. We need to consume nutrients that are sufficient in quantity and of good quality.La mayorà ­a de las ciudades con mayor calidad de vida estn en Europa. Most of the cities with a better quality of life are in Europe.La baja calidad del servicio hace perder ms clientes que el precio. The low quality of services causes the loss of more customers than does price. Sometimes calidad, especially in the phrase en calidad de, can refer to someones position or status: El representante, actuando en calidad de presidente interino, firmà ³ tres documentos. The representative, acting in the capacity of interim president, signed three documents.

Report Type Assignment Based of Swatch Case Study Essay

Report Type Assignment Based of Swatch Case Study - Essay Example Based on the case study, working at the company must entail engaging in a lot of conversation, jocular gestures and more informal talk. This is because the management vouches for a less formal and relaxed mood in order to create an avenue for creativity, as well as motivate their employees. Its vertical frequency of communication places it at a highly vertically integrated state such that the open door policy enables individuals at different hierarchical levels, in the company, to interact freely. This makes all members of staff to feel important, valued, and respected. Their opinions must be considered in the decision-making processes, and they are free to share their ideas without fear of being judged or victimized. Such a work environment makes the Swatch organizational setting a fun yet focused place to be as an employee The core business of the company is manufacturing watches that would lead to customers imperceptibly becoming attached to them. Unlike other organizations, they believe that individuals can be manipulated emotionally such that they end up acquiring more than a couple of watches in their lifetime. This is the core of their business, and it is anchored on innovations, which appeal to potential buyers. As a result, consumers will keep coming for more and more watches; hence, keeping Swatch in business by boosting its sales. Finally, a customer would have a pleasant experience at a Swatch store since the staff is jovial and ready to assist them to explore the innovations offered by the company. Swatch has the ability to grow since it has four major development phases. The first phase, which was meant for the survival of Swatch, is its effective international distribution system. This helps the company to acquire a large market base all over the world. Secondly, the management of Swatch has employed good strategies, which have aided the company to succeed in reviving its luxury

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study Research Paper

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study - Research Paper Example She manages the situation stating that knowing more about the history and long term objectives of the firm is essential to answer their queries. The members are happy with the interaction as they have little knowledge about CQI. Stepchuck is taking advantage of the client’s ignorance by assigning Todd as an expert in CQI. Although Todd is genuine and wants to ensure openness, the president insists her to continue with the project. Now Todd has two options; either quit the job or take up the role of CQI expert. (1). At this juncture, the new job raises certain ethical dilemmas that Todd has to address immediately. Both ‘role ambiguity and role conflict’ are identified in the context, because as stated above â€Å"neither the client nor the OD practitioner is clear about the respective responsibilities† (p. 62). Moreover, the role ambiguity and role conflict will lead to subsequent dilemmas especially ‘coercion, value and goal conflict, and technical ineptness’. To illustrate, Todd does not want to jeopardize her honesty while working with the new project. At the same time she wants to help her client in some way, though CQI is not her cup of tea. The current dilemmas can be solely attributed to the unethical stance of Todd’s employer, because his intention is entirely different from that of the client firm and his staff Todd. Evidently, Stepchuck is running a profit driven business heeding little attention to the actual needs or interests of the clients. As the case indicates, if the client is not sure about the issues they want to address, an unethical professional like Stepchuck tends to take unfair advantage of the situation. Even if Todd undertakes the assignment, she may have to face challenges associated with the stated dilemmas. (2). The way Todd responded to the situation at the meeting seems reasonable. A professional like Todd does not want to disclose the

Ethical neutrality Essay Example for Free

Ethical neutrality Essay In what follows, when we use the term â€Å"evaluation† we will mean, where nothing else is implied or expressly stated, practical value-judgments as to the unsatisfactory or satisfactory character of phenomena subject to our influence. The problem involved in the â€Å"freedom† of a given discipline from evaluations of this kind, i. e., the validity and the meaning of this logical principle, is by no means identical with the question which is to be discussed shortly, namely, whether in teaching one should or should not declare one’s acceptance of practical evaluations, regardless of whether they are based on ethical principles, cultural ideals or a philosophical outlook. This question cannot be settled scientifically. It is itself entirely a question of practical evaluation, and cannot therefore be definitively resolved. With reference to this issue, a wide variety of views are held, of which we shall only mention the two extremes. At one pole we find (a) the standpoint that there is validity in the distinction between purely logically deducible and purely empirical statements of fact on the one hand, and practical, ethical or philosophical evaluations on the other, but that, nevertheless – or, perhaps, even on that account- both classes of problems properly belong in the university. At the other pole we encounter (b) the proposition that even when the distinction cannot be made in a logically complete manner, it is nevertheless desirable that the assertion of practical evaluations should be avoided as much as possible in teaching. This second point of view seems to me to be untenable. Particularly untenable is the distinction which is rather often made in our field between evaluations linked with the positions of â€Å"political parties† and other sorts of evaluations. This distinction cannot be reasonably made: it obscures the practical implications of the evaluations which are suggested to the audience. Once the assertion of evaluations in university lectures is admitted, the contention that the university teacher should be entirely devoid of â€Å"passion† and that he should avoid all subjects which threaten to bring emotion into controversies is a narrow-minded, bureaucratic opinion which every teacher of independent spirit must reject. Of those scholars who believed that they should not renounce the assertion of practical evaluations in empirical discussions, the most passionate of them – such as Treitschke and, in his own way, Mommsen- were the most tolerable. As a result of their intensely emotional tone, their audiences were enabled to discount the influence of their evaluations in whatever distortion of the facts occurred. Thus, the audiences did for themselves what the lecturers could not do because of their temperaments. The effect on the minds of the students was to produce the same depth of moral feeling which, in my opinion, the proponents of the assertion of practical evaluations in teaching want to assure – but without the audience being confused as to the logical distinctiveness of the different types of propositions. This confusion must of necessity occur whenever both the exposition of empirical facts and the exhortation to espouse a particular evaluative standpoint on important issues are done with the same cool dispassionateness. The first point of view (a) is acceptable, and can indeed be acceptable from the standpoint of its own proponents, only when the teacher sees it as his unconditional duty – in every single case, even to the point where it involves the danger of making his lecture less stimulating – to make absolutely clear to his audience, and especially to himself, which of his statements are statements of logically deduced or empirically observed facts and which are statements of practical evaluation. Once one has granted the disjunction between the two spheres, it seems to me that doing this is an imperative requirement of intellectual honesty. It is the absolutely minimal requirement in this case. On the other hand, the question whether one should in general assert practical evaluations in teaching – even with this reservation – is one of practical university policy. On that account, in the last analysis, it must be decided only with reference to those tasks which the individual, according to his own set of values, assigns to the universities. Those who on the basis of their qualifications as university teachers assign to the universities, and thereby to themselves, the universal role of forming character, of inculcating political, ethical, aesthetic, cultural or other beliefs, will take a different position from those who believe it necessary to affirm the proposition and its implications – that university teaching achieves really valuable effects only through specialised training by specially qualified persons. Hence, â€Å"intellectual integrity† is the only specific virtue which universities should seek to inculcate. The first point of view can be defended from as many different ultimate evaluative standpoints as the second. The second – which I personally accept – can be derived from a most enthusiastic as well as from a thoroughly modest estimate of the significance of â€Å"specialised training†. In order to defend this view, one need not be of the opinion that everyone should become as much a pure â€Å"specialist† as possible. One may, on the contrary, espouse it because one does not wish to see the ultimate and deepest personal decisions which a person must make regarding his life, treated exactly as if they were the same as specialised training. One may take this position, however highly one assesses the significance of specialised training, not only for general intellectual training but indirectly also for the self-discipline and the ethical attitude of the young person. Another reason for taking this position is that one does not wish to see the student so influenced by the teacher’s suggestions that he is prevented from solving his problems in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience. Professor von Schmoller’s favourable disposition towards the teacher’s assertion of his own evaluations in the lecture room is thoroughly intelligible to me personally as the echo of a great epoch which he and his friends helped to create. Even he, however, cannot deny the fact that for the younger generation the objective situation has changed considerably in one important respect. Forty years ago there existed among the scholars working in our discipline, the widespread belief that of the various possible points of view in the domain of practical-political evaluations, ultimately only one was the ethically correct one. (Schmoller himself took this position only to a limited extent. ) Today this is no longer the case among the proponents of the assertion of professorial evaluations – as may readily be observed. The legitimacy of the assertion of professorial evaluation is no longer defended in the name of an ethical imperative resting on a relatively simple postulate of justice, which both in its ultimate foundations as well as in its consequences, partly was, and partly seemed to be, relatively unambiguous, and above all relatively impersonal, in consequence of its specifically trans-personal character. Rather, as the result of an inevitable development, it is now done in the name of a motley of â€Å"cultural evaluations†, i. e. , actually subjective cultural demands, or quite openly, in the name of the teachers’ alleged â€Å"rights of personality†. One may well wax indignant over this point of view, but one cannot- because it is a â€Å"practical evaluation† – refute it. Of all the types of prophecy, this â€Å"personally† tinted type of professorial prophecy is the most repugnant. There is no precedent for a situation in which a large number of officially appointed prophets do their preaching or make their professions of faith, not, as other prophets do, on the streets, or in churches or other public places- or if they do it privately, then in personally chosen sectarian conventicles – but rather regard themselves as best qualified to enunciate their evaluations on ultimate questions â€Å"in the name of science† and in the carefully protected quiet of governmentally privileged lecture halls in which they cannot be controlled, or checked by discussion, or subjected to contradiction. It is an axiom of long standing, which Schmoller on one occasion vigorously espoused, that what takes place in the lecture hall should be entirely confidential and not subject to public discussion. Although it is possible to contend that, even for purely academic purposes, this may occasionally have certain disadvantages, I take the view that a â€Å"lecture† should be different from a â€Å"speech†. The unconfined rigour, matter-of-factness and sobriety of the lecture declines, with definite pedagogical losses, once it becomes the object of publicity through, for example, the press. It is only in the sphere of his specialised qualifications that the university teacher is entitled to this privilege of freedom from outside surveillance or publicity. There is, however, no specialised qualification for personal prophecy, and for this reason it should not be granted the privilege of freedom from contradiction and public scrutiny. Furthermore, there should be no exploitation of the fact that the student, in order to make his way in life, must attend certain educational institutions and take courses with certain teachers with the result that in addition to what he needs, i.e. , the stimulation and cultivation of his capacity for understanding and reasoning, and a certain body of factual information – he also gets, slipped in among these, the teacher’s own attitude towards the world which even though sometimes interesting is often of no consequence, and which is in any case not open to contradiction and challenge. Like everyone else, the professor has other opportunities for the propagation of his ideals. When these opportunities are lacking, he can easily create them in an appropriate form, as experience has shown in the case of every honorable attempt. But the professor should not demand the right as a professor to carry the marshal’s baton of the statesman or the cultural reformer in his knapsack. This, however, is just what he does when he uses the unassailability of the academic lecture platform for the expression of political – or cultural-political- sentiments. In the press, in public meetings, in associations, in essays, in every avenue which is open to every other citizen, he can and should do what his God or daemon demands. The student should obtain, from his teacher in the lecture hall, the capacity to content himself with the sober execution of a given task; to recognize facts, even those which may be personally uncomfortable, and to distinguish them from his own evaluations. He should also learn to subordinate himself to his task and to repress the impulse to exhibit his personal sensations or other emotional states unnecessarily. This is vastly more important today than it was 40 years ago when the problem did not even exist in its present form. It is not true – as many have insisted – that the â€Å"personality† is and should be a â€Å"whole†, in the sense that it is distorted when it is not exhibited on every possible occasion. Every professional task has its own â€Å"responsibilities† and should be fulfilled accordingly. In the execution of his professional responsibility, a man should confine himself to it alone and should exclude whatever does not strictly belong to it – particularly his own loves and hates. The powerful personality does not manifest itself by trying to give everything a â€Å"personal touch† on every possible occasion. The generation which is now coming of age should, above all, again become used to the thought that â€Å"being a personality† is a condition which cannot be intentionally brought about by wanting it and that there is only one way by which it can – perhaps- be achieved: namely, the unreserved devotion to a â€Å"task†, whatever it – and its derivative â€Å"demands of the hour†- may be in any individual instance. It is in poor taste to mix personal concerns with the specialised analysis of facts. We deprive the word â€Å"vocation† of the only significant meaning it still possesses if we fail to adhere to that specific kind of self-restraint which it requires. But whether the fashionable â€Å"cult of the personality† seeks to dominate the throne, public office or the professorial chair – its effectiveness is only superficially impressive. Intrinsically, it is very petty and it always has injurious consequences. It should not be necessary for me to emphasise that the proponents of the views against which the present essay is directed can accomplish very little by this sort of cult of the â€Å"personality† for the very reason that it is â€Å"personal†. In part, they see the responsibilities of the university teacher in another light, in part they have other educational ideas which I respect but do not share. For this reason we must seriously consider no only what they are striving to achieve, but also how the views which they legitimate by their authority influence a generation with an already extremely pronounced predisposition to overestimate its own importance. Finally, it scarcely needs to be pointed out that many ostensible opponents of the academic assertion of political evaluations are by no means justified when they invoke the postulate of â€Å"ethical neutrality†, which they often gravely misunderstand, to discredit cultural and social-political discussions which take place in public and away from the university lecture hall. The indubitable existence of this spuriously â€Å"ethically neutral† tendentiousness, which in our discipline is manifested in the obstinate and deliberate partisanship of powerful interest groups, explains why a significant number of intellectually honorable scholars still continue to assert personal preferences in their teaching. They are too proud to identify themselves with this spurious abstention from evaluation. I believe that, in spite of this, what in my opinion is right should be done, and that the influence of the practical evaluations of a scholar, who confines himself to championing them on appropriate occasions outside the classroom, will increase when it becomes known that, inside the classroom, he has the strength of character to do exactly what he was appointed to do. But these statements are, in their turn, all matters of evaluation, and hence scientifically undemonstrable. In any case, the fundamental principle which justifies the practice of asserting practical evaluations in teaching can be consistently held only when its proponents demand that the proponents of the evaluations of all other parties be granted the opportunity to demonstrate the validity of their evaluations from the academic platform . But in Germany, insistence on the right of professors to state their preferences has been associated with the very opposite of the demand for the equal representation of all tendencies- including the most â€Å"extreme†. Schmoller thought that he was being entirely consistent when he declared that â€Å"Marxists and the Manchester school† were disqualified from holding academic positions, although he was never so unjust as to ignore their intellectual accomplishments. It is exactly on these points that I could never agree with our honoured master. One obviously ought not in one breath to justify the expression of evaluations in teaching – and when the conclusions are drawn therefrom, point out that the university is a state institution for the training of â€Å"loyal† civil servants. Such a procedure makes the university, not into a specialised technical school- which appears to be so degrading to many teachers- but rather into a theological seminary, although it does not have the religious dignity of the latter. Attempts have been made to set certain purely â€Å"logical† limits to the range of evaluations which should be allowed in university teaching. One of our foremost professors of law once explained, in discussing his opposition to the exclusion of socialists from university posts, that he too would be unwilling to accept an â€Å"anarchist† as a teacher of law since anarchists, in principle, deny the validity of law – and he regarded this argument as conclusive. My own opinion is exactly the opposite. An anarchist can surely be a good legal scholar. And if he is such, then indeed the Archimedean point of his convictions, which is outside the conventions and presuppositions which are so self-evident to us, could enable him to perceive problems in the fundamental postulates of legal theory which escape those who take them for granted. The most fundamental doubt is one source of knowledge. The jurist is no more responsible for â€Å"proving† the value of these cultural objects which are bound up with â€Å"law†, than the physician is responsible for demonstrating that the prolongation of life should be striven for under all conditions. Neither of them can do this with the means at their disposal. If, however, one wishes to turn the university into a forum for discussion of practical evaluations, then it obviously is obligatory to permit the most unrestricted freedom of discussion of fundamental questions from all standpoints. Is this feasible? Today the most decisive and important political evaluations are denied expression in German universities by the very nature of the present political situation. For all those to whom the interests of the national society transcend any of its individual concrete institutions, it is a question of central importance whether the conception which prevails today regarding the position of the monarch in Germany is reconcilable with the world interests of the country, and with the means- war and diplomacy- through which these are pursued. It is not always the worst patriots nor even anti-monarchists who give a negative answer to this question, and who doubt the possibility of lasting success in both these spheres unless some profound changes are made. Everyone knows, however, that these vital questions of our national life cannot be discussed with full freedom in German universities . In view of the fact that certain evaluations which are of decisive political significance are permanently prohibited in university discussion, it seems to me to be only in accord with the dignity of a representative of science and scholarship to be silent about such evaluations as he is allowed to expound. In no case, however, should the unresolvable question – unresolvable because it is ultimately a question of evaluations – as to whether one may, must, or should champion certain practical evaluations in teaching, be confused with the purely logical discussion of the relationship of evaluations to empirical disciplines such as sociology and economics. Any confusion on this point will hamper the thoroughness of the discussion of the logical problem. However, even the solution of the logical problem will provide no aid in seeking to answer the other question, beyond the two purely logically required conditions of clarity and an explicit distinction by the teacher of the different classes of problems. Nor need I discuss further whether the distinction between empirical propositions or statements of fact and practical evaluations is â€Å"difficult† to make. It is. All of us, those of us who take this position as well as others, come up against it time and again. But the exponents of the so-called â€Å"ethical economics†, particularly, should be aware, even though the moral law is unfulfillable, it is nonetheless â€Å"imposed† as a duty. Self-scrutiny would perhaps show that the fulfillment of this postulate is especially difficult, just because we reluctantly refuse to approach the very alluring subject of evaluation with a titillating â€Å"personal touch†. Every teacher has observed that the faces of his students light up and they become more interested when he begins to make a profession of faith, and that the attendance at his lectures is greatly increased by the expectation that he will do so. Everyone knows furthermore that, in the competition for students, universities when making recommendations for promotion will often give a prophet, however minor, who can fill the lecture halls, the upper hand over a much weightier and more sober scholar who does not offer his own evaluations. Of course, it is  understood that the prohet will leave untouched the politically dominant or conventional evaluations which are generally accepted at the time. Only the spuriously â€Å"ethical-neutral† prophet who speaks for powerful groups has, of course, better opportunities for promotion as a result of the influence which these groups have on the prevailing political powers. I regard all this as very unsatisfactory, and I will therefore not go into the proposition that the demand for abstention from evaluation is â€Å"petty† and that it makes lectures â€Å"boring†. I will not go into the question as to whether lecturers on specialised empirical problems must seek above all to be â€Å"interesting†. For my own part, in any case, I fear that a lecturer who makes his lectures stimulating by the intrusion of personal evaluations will, in the long run, weaken the students’ taste for sober empirical analysis. I will acknowledge without further discussion that it is possible, under the guise of eliminating all practical evaluations, to insinuate such evaluations with especial force by simple â€Å"letting the facts speak for themselves†. The better kind of parliamentary and electoral speeches in Germany operate in this way – and quite legitimately, given their purposes. No words should be wasted in declaring that all such procedures in university lectures, particularly if one is concerned with the observance of this separation, are , of all abuses, the most abhorrent. The fact, however, that a dishonestly created illusion of the fulfillment of an ethical imperative can be passed off as the reality, constitutes no criticism of the imperative itself. At any rate, even if the teacher does not believe that he should deny himself the right of rendering evaluations, he should make it absolutely explicit to the students and to himself that he is doing so. Finally, we must oppose to the utmost the widespread view that scientific â€Å"objectivity† is achieved by weighing the various evaluations against one another and making a â€Å"statesman-like† compromise among them. The â€Å"middle way† is not only just as undemonstrable scientifically – with the means of the empirical sciences – as the â€Å"most extreme† evaluations: in the sphere of evaluations, it is the least unequivocal. It does not belong in the university – but rather in political programmes, government offices, and in parliament. IThe sciences, both normative and empirical, are capable of rendering an inestimable service to persons engaged in political activity by telling them that (1) these and these â€Å"ultimate† evaluative positions are conceivable with reference to this practical problem; and (2) that such and such are the facts which you must take into account in making your choice between these evaluative positions. And with this we come to the real problem.

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream :: William Shakespeare Midsummer Dream Essays

William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream The stage production of William Arden Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by a British director Tim Supple was one in a million-that everyone talked about it and questions rode questions, on how the performance went. ‘It is the best production I have ever seen. What grapples me most, is the cast, ravaging with a rich choreography’, this was said by the British Ambassador to India in a chat with Times of India. The almighty dramatist play was sponsored for production by the British Council, India. Staged at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, on Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi, on the 3 of March, the old, but became-new play was performed by what Mr. Supple described as ‘an all Indian and Sri Lankan cast’, spoken in many languages, from English to Hindi and Bengali. It was free. But one has to get a pass to be admitted in. All and sundry came for this mesmerizing production-and all came and went, but only one person never went from my memory. The one and only Arundhati Roy-the world acclaimed author of The God of Small Things. She was there. She was there for good and praises poured on her. Her presence sweetened the sweet production, as well as heightened emotions. A Midsummer Night's Dream is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, written sometime in the mid-1590s. It depicts the adventures of four young lovers and a group of amateur actors in a moonlit forest, and their interactions with the fairies who inhabit it. Today, the play is one of Shakespeare's most popular and is performed across the world. When the production came to an end with a big coctail and wide applauds, I realised that I have never read this acclaimed bestseller. And so, I wobbled into a bookshop around and got a copy. It is cheap here in India. Everything is cheap. And I read this book in three days. Unbelievable? That is the truth. Because the story line is straight and sweet. But before then, the writer-activist who lives in New Delhi spoke about life as a writer. ‘You have to be yourself. No pretence. And if any pretence, that should be embedded in your characters. Think like your characters and see what this life is all about’, Ms Roy said, intoned. There is something surreal about her. Her benevolence and non-descriminative wit and candour. India has bestselling authors like Salman Rushdie (Satanic Verses), Amitav Ghosh, Jhumpa Lahiri (Interpreter of Maladies), Chetan Bhagat (One Night @ the Call Centre), the Nobel Laureates and more.

Save the Girl Child

In older days the birth of a girl child was considered as auspicious. As per an Indian proverb, â€Å"A home without a daughter is like a body without soul†. The birth of a daughter in the house was compared with the advent of Goddess Laxmi, the Goddess of wealth and Goddess Saraswati, the Goddess of Kno People generally ask this question that girl child is a curse & blessing . But I think it as a stupid question. How can a girl be a curse. A girl is always blessing. Girl is a devi. Woman are the pillars of society. How can they be a curse.Girl is a mother who take can her children in every part of l That's because there are only 927 girls for every 1,000 boys under the age of 6. And most of these 927 girls are taken out of school early so that they can help in the fields or work as child labour to support the family. Isn’t it time that we put an end to this barbaric discrimination and gave gi These days gender imbalance is becoming a grave problem especially in India. Girls are either aborted from mother’s womb or killed after birth. This gives rise to crimes like rape and killing.Nearly half of India’s children are girls. However, the girl child is considered a lesser child in our society. Irrespective of class, caste and economic conditions, she is discriminated against and neglected at all the levels. This result in the denial of basic services required for her surviv Daughter is the knot that ties the family together†. â€Å"A baby girl.. one of the most beautiful miracles in life, one of the greatest joys we can ever know,& one of the reasons why there is a extra sunshine, laughter and happiness in our life today.† In many traditional cultures, fathers and moth Tears of a girl child- How can we make a difference? This story is older than the time, a girl still die, killer still commit the crime. Why there is a smile in the face of a family when a boy is born and not when a girl is born? I don’t see a reason why everyone wants a boy and The role of women is vital to all spheres and facets of life.Thus investment on a girl child is a smarter way to the overall development of a family. Education is one of the many vital fields  where girl children remains a victim of disparity and is neglected as compared to the other sex. But it is p Girl Child in India By Rajni Seth Ads by Google UNICEF India – Donate Now DonateToUnicef. org/Donation 9,00,000 children die every year Your Rs. 750 a month can save lives Embryo Adoption -Donation www. EmbryosAlive. com Embryos in Cryostorage? Adoptors Are Waiting- Donors Choose Are You a Fresher? NIIT. com/IT-Training Join Placement Oriented 4 Month IT Course Designed for Fresh Grads A world of the girl child is full of love, warmth and concern.She is the procreator and the mother of tomorrow. She is the one who shapes the destiny of civilization and imparts values and virtues to the future. Unfortunately this beautiful world is gloomy and filled with despair. The color of innocence is ironically transforming into color of suppression. This beautiful creation of God has become the gravest concern today. Her world is filled with despair and she is left alone on a barren land searching for a warm touch, mother's love and father's lullaby.Traditions and rituals are outlining the survival of the girl child in India. Even though the country has made remarkable growth in various fields, it is tragically representing the lowest sex ratio. Patriarchal norms, low status of women and son idolism are the primary reasons that cause bias against girl child in India. The shocking decline of girl-boy ratio has alarmed future of India. The Census report indicates a highly skewed gender ratio that fell from 976 girls born every 1000 boys to 927 girls every 1000 boys in 2001.In various parts of the country like Rajasthan, Haryana and Rajasthan the ratio has even declined to 800:1000. Not only female feticide and infanticide, a series of other discrepancy like lack of girl education, lack of nutrition, early marriage and absence of basic necessities are also attached to the gravest concern of humanity. Lack of education holds the girl child to a low standard of living and provides inability to expose her skills and knowledge. Educating a girl is education a whole family†¦

History of Ireland

In the years after 1000 AD the cultural and social landscape of Ireland changed a great deal. The influx of foreigners in Ireland had intentions to control, settle, and exploit the people and land and had a profound effect on the otherwise autonomous peoples who existed there. Most people assume the first people to inhabit Ireland were the Celtic speaking natives, who arrived between 700 and 500 BC. However, the island has been inhabited since as far back as 8000BC when nomads crossed the Irish Sea from continental Europe on ice bridges. Before the arrival of any other groups in Ireland the people of the island were very inward looking and not concerned with the events which took place in the rest of Europe. This paper will detail the effects that the newcomers had on the physical and social climate of Ireland and especially how and why the English were able to establish a control over the island which lasted for over 800 years. The primary unit of the Irish society was the family, each having its own lands. The source of power which gave rise to kingships and other forms of authority was cattle or other livestock given to families for use on their lands. In return for this families pledged their loyalty and services to their superior, such as in battle. As a result cattle became the measure of wealth and not lands as it was in the rest of Europe. 2 There was no single authority in Ireland to whom all answered; rather, historians noted any number of kingships on the island at any time. The kings were constantly fighting amongst themselves in an attempt to gain power and wealth. Perhaps even more divisive was the infighting amongst their own families; often, even brothers would fight each other dividing the established hierarchy. This created increased divisions between competing clans on the island and made any attempt to rule over it seemingly impossible as no Irishman was able to accomplish it. The Irish are naturally an open-minded and accepting people who have great respect for other cultures and traditions. The best example of this mentality is the spread of Christianity which St. Patrick introduced there beginning in 432AD. It must be noted that the spread of Christianity in Ireland was bloodless, unlike in many other parts of the world. By peacefully accepting the new faith, elements of openness and tolerance are evident in their natural character. The Irish people's actions were morally based on tradition and precedents set by their ancestors. They followed tradition very strictly when they warred with each other or had other disputes. Places such as monasteries were considered sacred, due to their strong belief in Christianity, and not to be interfered with when fighting took place. When a battle was won, the victor did not win the lands because tradition required that they stay in the possession of the family who tended them. Instead, loyalty and influence was won. This shows the respect land held in Irish society, it could be said that land was too sacred to become a pawn in the games of warring men. The first record of a strong foreign presence in Ireland came in 795 AD when Vikings arrived. It was reported that heathens had come ashore to loot and kill. 5 Throughout the forty years that followed sporadic raids were reported in all parts of Ireland as the Vikings sailed inland on the rivers and continued to attack coastal settlements. Similar raids were occurring at the same time in England and eventually it became evident to local populations on both islands that the goal of the raiders was shifting from bounty to settlement. 6 By the year 841 AD, the Vikings had established their own settlements on the island called Longphorts. These settlements were located on key waterways and used as a base from which to launch further attacks on the inland settlements of Ireland and on other areas of Europe, especially the island of England. Settlements included what are now major urban centers of Ireland such as Waterford and Dublin, which was founded in 852. These towns proved to be an important development as they would become forever sources of the wealth associated with trade. After establishing themselves permanently in Ireland the Vikings became much more vulnerable to counter attacks from native peoples and soon became part of the infighting which took place between all who inhabited Ireland. 7 Due to the changing condition of their homeland the Irish people had become more advanced and inline with the developing societies of Europe. They had been describe as â€Å"Tribal, rural, hierarchical and familiar† (In the sense of being family orientated) by one scholar but were quickly losing these traits. 8 Where it was once impossible to control lands or the kingdoms of other families, Irish leaders began to claim these kingdoms and lands in their name. Kings would capture Norse towns and hold them as their own; such acts were previously unheard of. 9 These actions occurred because the Norse had no knowledge of, or respect for the customs which were previously in place. Therefore, if the Irish wished to hold off the ever-expanding foreigners, their towns would have to have been overtaken and held. As a result of the importance of holding lands and towns a feudal system began to develop in parts of Ireland. . It is not reasonable to expect the Irish to show the traditional respect to an enemy who showed none in return. The effects of the Viking influence on Irish tradition can easily be seen in how the natives fought their wars after the arrival of the outsiders. No longer were certain things, such as monasteries, sacred and not to be interfered with. The Vikings upon first arrival were not Christian and so had no comprehension of the sanctity of monasteries, rather, they saw them as sources of great wealth and bounty. In order for the Irish to remain competitive in war they had to rebut in the same fashion. They did so by neglecting their traditions and attacking monasteries in Viking held positions. Viking kingdoms were established and were as active in the wars on the island as the clans who fought each other before their arrival. As intermarriage blurred the distinguish ability of Viking communities from native communities the people were divided less and less by race and more by kingdoms with none becoming dominant over the island as a whole. By the 1150s the Vikings had become much less a foreigner as a people who were establishing their own kingdoms on the island which the three predominate families of the island tried to rule over The most notable Norse Kingdom is that of Dublin where the Vikings traded with much of Europe. 10 It was during such a time that the English presence began in Ireland. In 1166 Dermot MacMorrough, a King of Leinster and Dublin, appealed to King Henry II of England to help him in his quest to regain his thrown and ultimately become king of all Ireland. The families he had ruled over did not whole-heartedly support him. As a result, when he stole the wife of another Irish king, O'Rourke of Breffni, the peoples who were to support him had an excuse not to. He was ousted in what had become a routine power shift like many which had occurred over the previous two centuries and was banished. In his mind he felt abandoned by his allies and so he looked to England for help in regaining his position. 11 He went to England because he had influential contacts there whom he met while they were trading in Dublin, as many people from all over Europe did at that time. 12 Henry II, who was fighting his own wars in France, agreed to help with his own motives in mind. He realized the value of the trade rich coastal cities such as Dublin and Waterford and realized Dermot would be in his debt should his attempt at restoration be successful. Henry himself was not able to help due to the battles he was involved with at the time. He drafted a letter addressed to all his subjects, who were many as he was the most powerful king in Europe at the time. In it he stated his approval for the cause of Dermot and encouraged all to aid him realizing that they went in his name. 13 Equipped with the letter of endorsement Dermot set out to recruit the force with which he would conquer Ireland. Using monies loaned to him by his wealthy friends and giving promises of lands and titles to those who helped him he was able to muster a small force. He was also able to assure promises of more men in the coming years from someone who would become a predominant figure in the years to come, Richard fitz Gilbert also called Strongbow. This man was eager to help because he was out of favor with Henry as he did not support him in the English Civil War. To Strongbow Dermot promised his daughter in marriage, making him the heir to whatever territories they gained. Using his new allies, Dermot returned in 1167 and reinstated himself in his old capital where for the next two years he waged small scale wars against his old enemies. As his enemies were still pre-occupied fighting each other he was able to regain most of his former lands and to live in peace as he awaited his next wave. 14 Having been the first Irishman to look to England for help in Ireland he was branded â€Å"Dermot of the foreigners† and is still considered the greatest traitor in Irish history as his invitation marked the beginning of the end of Irish sovereignty in the minds of many Irish. 15 It is tragic that the Irish peoples continued to fight against one another even after knowing that Dermot had aligned himself with the most powerful King Europe. Should they have worked together to throw off the English the course of Irish history would have undoubtedly been different. They would have saved themselves from the centuries of horror and catastrophic neglect which were to follow. As promised, Dermot's new allies arrived in Ireland in 1170 numbering nearly 2000 men. These newcomers held a tremendous advantage over the natives in the form of their advanced weapons. They possessed archers which proved to be an essential part of their success in the conquests that followed. They soon gained control of strategic coastal cities where they established themselves and expanded from, mostly winning territories on the eastern half of Ireland and proceeding westward. 16 The Character of Dermot is one dominated by greed and selfishness but also fierce determination. In the city of Waterford Strongbow married Dermot's daughter and secured his place as heir. Having effectively given what had become the highest position in Ireland to a foreigner it is easy to see why Dermot is seen as a traitor. Another account tells of how Dermot abandoned his own son for power. As a condition for peace upon his arrival he gave his son to one of his enemies to be held as assurance that Dermot would not go on the offensive. 17 Knowing that his son would be killed he pressed on anyway. These actions show the greed and self-fulfilling character of Dermot, he wished to be King of the Irish at any cost. He cared only about his time and did not bother himself with what would become of his kingdom after his death when he could not personally benefit. Following Dermot's death in 1171 Strongbow assumed control, however it was not a smooth transition. Many natives did not recognize him as a legitimate king and rebelled against his authority. Strongbow was able to maintain control but it became increasingly difficult for him after Henry II, who was still unsure of his loyalty and motives, took measures to limit Strongbow's control and future successes. Henry cut off supplies and reinforcements fearing Strongbow would establish a powerful rival regime so close to England. As a result the new regime had difficulty fending off the Irish who resented his presence and authority and they spent more time fending off attackers than expanding their influence. 8 Henry was not confidant that Ireland was under his control or that it did not pose a future threat even after Strongbow reaffirmed his loyalty to him and submitted the conquered lands to him. Henry decided to travel there and ensure that his objectives were accomplished; he was surprised and encouraged by the accomplishments of his countrymen and was confident that the entire island could be brought under his control. There is evidence to suggest Henry anticipated battle as he brought with him the largest English army to date, 5000 men, and provisions to last them for months. 9 It is difficult to imagine the state of mind the Irish were in while anticipating the arrival of Henry, they would have undoubtedly realized the threat he posed to them and the power he possessed. The fear of what was to come would have weakened the resolve of the forces still trying to fend off the existing English. Henry finally arrived in Waterford in 1171 and became the first English king to set foot on Irish soil and immediately received the appropriate respect from the Irish. 0 The presence of his army was more useful than their skills or techniques as they did not have to fight a single battle. All leaders of Ireland, except one high-king in the north-west, submitted to Henry knowing that if a battle was fought, they would not win. Due simply to his superior army Henry was able to conquer almost the entire island without fighting a single battle. Upon leaving Ireland Henry made his son John Lord of Ireland under who the leaders who had submitted to Henry ruled. When John became King of England Ireland was incorporated into the English Kingdom. The implications of theses events would be felt throughout the rest of Ireland's history. 21 When Henry II departed Ireland with poise he left behind him a new form of Ireland. Some new concepts were simple such as new foods he had introduced in an attempt to impress the subjugated Irish kings at a lavish dinner. He also effectively pushed most Irish and Viking inhabitants out of Dublin22. Others were more fundamental to the Irish way of life. A more strict enforcement of the evolving Christian church form was to take place in Ireland where it had not been adopted. This was made possible because now the church could spread a uniform throughout a single Kingdom. The new form of the church was adopted by the Irish and has shaped the faith of the Irish ever since. Even later when the English reformed and become Protestant the Irish remained Catholic. 23 This fundamental divide has shaped relations between Ireland and her authority to the current time. It is seen in the bitter relationship between the Catholic Irish Republic and the Protestant Northern Ireland, which remains part of Great Britain even now. This difference was a focal point of the separation of the two in 1922 as many inhabitants Northern Ireland were of English backgrounds whose ancestors had settled there and been upper-class citizens. The concept of feudalism was spread after Henry departed, this would prove to be a source of discontent among the Irish for the remainder of their subjugation. Two English Lords were appointed by Henry, given lands which belonged to Irishmen. They established feudal regimes in their territories as the remaining Irish kings continued in their traditional fashion. 4 Eventually, despite strong political and physical opposition from the Irish, the concept was spread throughout the entire island and the plight of the Irish took full effect. The fact that the Irish, along with their customs and heritage, were thrown aside in order for the egos and greed of the Kings men to be satisfied is unsettling. The English portrayed the Irish as uncivil and barbaric, but to in reviewing the English beha vior treatment of the natives a paradox is seen. Henry also began a long and merciless neglect and exploitation of the Irish people and their land and crop rights. All Irish Kings and English Lords he had put in place had to pay a tax to him. The payment of this tax would become another focal point in English-Irish relations. The most evident example of this came in 1845-1847 when many Irish were forced to leave their homelands due to famine. The potato famine caused over one million people to leave from 1847-1851 and the deaths of tens of thousands due to starvation. 25 The Irish starved because they were forced to export their crops, such as corn, to England as a tax. In most years this left them with little more than potatoes to eat and when they did not grow the deprivation took its toll. If the taxes have been forgiven in these years the displacement and death of over a million Irish could have been prevented. The Irish world was self-concerned and to an extent underdeveloped before the arrival of any foreign people, when power was finally returned to the Irish people in 1922 the entire landscape had changed. The distressing point in this fact is that the Irish had very little to do with shaping their country for over 800 years, instead it was shaped by the prerogatives of outsiders. The foreigners to settle in Ireland did also leave some positive marks such as key cities, trade partnerships, and the development of Irish nationalism. The most apparent sign of English influence today is that they remain the highest authority in Northern Ireland. If any lessons are to be learned from how the Irish handled the arrival of the Vikings and the English it is that a country divided against itself will fall. If they have worked together the fate of the Irish people, and Europe, would have been much different.